This is not an official City of Boston website. This is an academic project created by Harvard Kennedy School students.

Sources

• Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection Municipal Solid Waste and Recycling Surveys (2009–2024).
• Massachusetts Department of Revenue — Division of Local Services.
• Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection — Municipalities with PAYT Programs (June 2025).
• City of Boston — Zero Waste Boston Recommendations Report (2019).
• Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection — PAYT Basics for Municipalities.
• Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection — PAYT in Massachusetts: Fast Facts.
• Interviews with officials: Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection, City of Boston Zero Waste Initiative, City of Brockton, City of Malden, University of New Hampshire.

For methodology details, see the Methodology page.